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The Lviv pogroms of June and July 1941 took the lives of an estimated number of between 4,000–9,000 people, many of whom were Polish Jews murdered in Lviv. Some confusion has arisen from the conflation of separate, but closely related atrocities carried out in just one-month span during the German offensive. The first one was the massacre by the Soviet Security forces (NKVD) of an estimated 4,000 political prisoners (and class enemies) inside the NKVD prisons in Lviv (some of them Jewish) immediately prior to the Soviet evacuation. The second one was the anti-Jewish pogrom by the civilian population encouraged by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in which 4,000 Jews were killed in the streets immediately before and after the takeover of Lviv by the German forces. The third massacre (thus the second one against the Polish Jews within days) was committed by the newly arrived ''Einsatzgruppe C'' under the guise of retaliation for the NKVD killings, whereby some 2,500 to 3,000 Jews were herded into a stadium and than taken by lorries to a remote execution site at Janowska. The antisemitic killing spree culminated before the end of July in the so-called "Petlura Days" massacre of more than 2,000 more Jews by the Ukrainian nationalists under the watchful eye of the Nazi administration.〔 Controversy exists regarding the exact dates in which these atrocities took place, the numbers affected, and the sources of information. The confusion is amplified by the political agenda of parties involved including national viewpoints in a variety of sources as to the alleged involvement of prominent political and historic figures and groups in the massacre, notably Theodor Oberländer, Roman Shukhevych and the Nachtigall Battalion in the Lviv civilian massacres. ==Background== Prior to 1939, the current Western Ukrainian city of Lviv, or (ポーランド語:Lwów), was located in the south-eastern part of the Second Polish Republic. It was an urban enclave with the Polish-speaking majority surrounded by a predominantly Ukrainian and Rusyn rural population. Elements of ethnic violence were already present in the region for at least a decade prior to the Soviet invasion of Poland. On 12 July 1930, activists of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) helped by UVO began the so-called ''sabotage action'', during which Polish estates were burned, roads, rail lines and telephone connections were destroyed. The OUN used terrorism and sabotage in order to force the Polish government into actions that would cause the more moderate Ukrainian politicians ready to negotiate with the Polish state to lose support.〔(Eastern Europe in the twentieth century By R. J. Crampton, page 50 )〕 OUN directed its violence not only against the Poles, but also against Jews and other Ukrainians who wished for a peaceful resolution to the Polish – Ukrainian conflict.〔(Galicia By C. M. Hann, Paul R. Magocsi, page 148 )〕 There were 110,000 Jews living in Lviv prior to World War II. The Polish population of the city numbered 131,000 and the Ukrainian population numbered 13,000 according to local historians. The Polish census of 1931 () gives slightly different numbers. According to the census, among the 312,231 citizens of Lwów the Poles numbered 198,212 (63.5%) of the total, with Jews numbering 75,316 (24.1% both Yiddish and Hebrew); the Ukrainians numbered 24,245 and the Rusyns 10,892 (combined at 11.3%).〔 In general terms, over 3 million Jews lived in the Polish Republic before World War II. An estimated 20 percent of world Jewry belonged in Poland (in 1887, it was an estimated at 30%), many of them in the former Austrian crown-land of Galicia after the military partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. Eastern Galicia is where the Hasidic movement was founded, Yiddish literature flowered, and a wealth of Jewish historic thought, writers, artists and scientists had their birth. On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland as previously agreed to in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany and took over 52.1% of Polish territory. Eastern Galicia was annexed and incorporated into Soviet Ukraine in the atmosphere of terror.〔Bernd Wegner (1997). ''(From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. )'' Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.〕〔(Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką, ) (''Polish-Belarusian relations under the Soviet occupation''). ''Bialorus.pl'' 〕 Under the new Soviet administration, of the 7,000 Polish schools in 1939, only 984 remained in 1940. The number of Ukrainian schools in the region soon after annexation grew from 371 to 5,536 and Jewish schools from 23 to 103.〔Євген Наконечний (Nakonechnyi ) 2006, page 33 (or 16 in current document)〕 All that changed was the language of instruction, with the actual net loss of about 1,000 schools in short order. Already since the rebirth of Poland the Jewish population of Lwów was involved primarily in trade and professions.〔〔Piotr Eberhardt. ''Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis''. M.E. Sharpe, 2003. pp.92-93. ISBN 0-7656-0665-8, ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Controversy surrounding the Lviv pogroms of 1941」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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